Hollow atoms are special atoms with multiple missing electrons in their inner shells, while their outer shells are still fully or partially filled with electrons. Studying the production mechanisms, ...

Atoms with less than the maximum number in their outer shells are less stable than those with "full" outer shells.

First, let's explore the atom's architecture. Formed from a cluster of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, a nucleus is 10,000 times smaller than the atom as a whole, "like a fly in a ...

Although most people are probably familiar with the different energy levels that the electron shells of atoms can be in and how electrons shedding excess energy as they return to a lower state emit… ...

Imagine the concrete in our homes and bridges not only withstanding the ravages of time and natural disasters like the ...

In order to observe the ultrafast electron motion in the inner shells of atoms with short light pulses, the pulses must not only be ultrashort, but very bright, and the photons delivered must have ...

These clusters have shell-like structures, and they are especially stable for certain ‘magic’ numbers of helium atoms. To date, magic numbers of 12, 32 and 44 have been found in experiments.