Markov chains provide a fundamental framework for modelling stochastic processes, where the next state depends solely on the current state. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) extend this framework by ...

Drought is a naturally occurring climate phenomenon that significantly affects human and environmental activity, and can be considered one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters.

A family of learning models that integrates a cognitive diagnostic model and a higher-order, hidden Markov model in one framework is proposed. This new framework includes covariates to model skill ...

Download PDF More Formats on IMF eLibrary Order a Print Copy Create Citation This paper proposes a hidden state Markov model (HMM) that incorporates workers’ unobserved labor market attachment into ...